智慧農業(yè)的過去與未來趨勢(中英雙語)

隨著科學技術的發(fā)展和農業(yè)生產的需要，傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)逐漸向智慧農業(yè)轉變，是當今“三農”問題發(fā)展的基本趨勢，也是未來趨勢。本文將梳理我國智慧農業(yè)發(fā)展歷程及存在問題，分析智慧農業(yè)未來趨勢，以供參考。

With the development of science and technology and the needs of agricultural production, traditional agriculture has gradually changed to smart agriculture, which is the basic trend of the development of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", and also the future trend. This paper will sort out the development process and existing problems of smart agriculture in China, and analyze the future trend of smart agriculture for its reference.

1. 智慧農業(yè)發(fā)展歷程

1. The development process of smart agriculture

智慧農業(yè)在跟隨著農業(yè)產業(yè)和信息技術的發(fā)展過程中一共經(jīng)歷了四個階段：

Smart agriculture has gone through four stages in the development process of agricultural industry and information technology:

第一階段是精準農業(yè)，精準農業(yè)與傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)有很大差別，傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)是通過信息技術以此定位空間產生的變異，并以此為基礎以固定和定量的方式實施一整套現(xiàn)代農業(yè)技術和管理系統(tǒng)。

The first stage is precision agriculture, which is very different from traditional agriculture. Traditional agriculture is the mutation of information technology, and implements a set of modern agricultural technology and management system in a fixed and quantitative way.

第二階段是數(shù)字農業(yè)，現(xiàn)代信息技術的使用可以把農業(yè)當做生產目標，對現(xiàn)代農業(yè)生產模式進行信息化管理。數(shù)字農業(yè)是在精準農業(yè)基礎上將農業(yè)和信息技術相融合的一種農業(yè)技術，其對于改變以往的傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)、轉變過去生產方式均具有重要意義。

The second stage is digital agriculture. The use of modern information technology can take agriculture as the production goal and carry out information management of modern agricultural production mode. Digital agriculture is an agricultural technology that integrates agriculture and information technology on the basis of precision agriculture, which is of great significance to change the past traditional agriculture and change the past production mode.

第三階段是“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”農業(yè)，“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”農業(yè)是伴隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)而新生出的概念。此外，數(shù)字農業(yè)也將全方位升級，將互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術與一些農業(yè)必要環(huán)節(jié)相結合，如農業(yè)生產、加工、營銷等環(huán)節(jié)。生產方式是一種集科學化、信息化、智能化相結合的農業(yè)技術。

The third stage is "Internet +" agriculture, and "Internet +" agriculture is a new concept along with the emergence of the Internet. In addition, digital agriculture will also be upgraded in all aspects, combining Internet technology with some necessary agricultural links, such as agricultural production, processing, marketing and other links. Production mode is a kind of scientific, information and intelligent agricultural technology.

第四階段是智慧農業(yè)，智慧農業(yè)是一種成熟的農業(yè)生產模式，其包含了精準農業(yè)、數(shù)字農業(yè)、“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”農業(yè)等內容。

The fourth stage is smart agriculture. Smart agriculture is a mature agricultural production mode, which includes precision agriculture, digital agriculture, "Internet +" agriculture and other contents.

2. 智慧農業(yè)的意義

2. The significance of smart agriculture

1)智慧農業(yè)能夠改善農業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境。農業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境包括農業(yè)用地、魚塘、牲畜牧場等。智慧農業(yè)的發(fā)展可以有效降低或解決農業(yè)產業(yè)發(fā)展過程中對環(huán)境造成的負面影響，從而改善農村生態(tài)環(huán)境。農業(yè)生產單位和其周圍環(huán)境等往往被視為一個小的生產單元，從而能夠計算單元內能量循環(huán)和物質交換，并根據(jù)計算結果進行最優(yōu)化的農業(yè)生產，確保農業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境和農業(yè)生產和諧共處。例如，如何讓農作物生長期施肥但又不造成土壤污染，牲畜排出的糞便不污染水和大氣，這些問題需要通過量化加以解決。

1) Smart agriculture can improve the agricultural ecological environment. Agricultural ecological environment includes agricultural land, fish ponds, livestock pasture, etc. The development of smart agriculture can effectively reduce or solve the negative impact on the environment in the process of agricultural industry development, so as to improve the rural ecological environment. Agricultural production units and their surrounding environment are often regarded as a small production unit, so that they can calculate the energy cycle and material exchange withinthe unit, and optimize the agricultural production according to the calculation results, so as to ensure the harmonious coexistence of agricultural ecological environment and agricultural production. For example, how to fertilize crops during the growing period without causing soil pollution, and the excrement from livestock does not pollute the water and air, these problems need to be addressed through quantification.

2)智慧農業(yè)可以提高農業(yè)生產效率。農業(yè)生產中的傳感器技術不斷發(fā)展，實時監(jiān)控變得越來越精確，通過使用數(shù)據(jù)挖掘、云計算等技術，在農業(yè)生產和農業(yè)管理中增加了指令分析和設備管理，使機器取代農民成為農業(yè)的主要勞動力。這不僅解決了農業(yè)生產中出現(xiàn)的勞動力短缺問題，而且還實現(xiàn)了集約化、工業(yè)化和高度化的農業(yè)生產。

continues to develop, and real-time monitoring is becoming more and more accurate. Through the use of data mining, cloud computing and other technologies, instruction analysis and equipment management are added to agricultural production and agricultural management, so that machines replace farmers as the main labor force in agriculture. This not only solves the problem of labor shortage in agricultural production, but also realizes intensive, industrialized and highly industrialized agricultural production.

3. 智慧農業(yè)未來趨勢

3. Future trend of smart agriculture

趨勢一：低成本

Trend 1: low cost

一套智慧農業(yè)設備至少幾十萬或者上百萬，一個農民數(shù)10年的收入或許也就這么點錢。因此，低成本的智慧農業(yè)設備將受到更多農民的喜愛——換而言之，低成本將是智慧農業(yè)的趨勢之一。

A set of smart agriculture equipment at least hundreds of thousands or millions, a farmer's several 10 years of income may be so little money. Therefore, low-cost smart agriculture equipment will be favored by more farmers. —— In other words, low-cost will be one of the trends of smart agriculture.

趨勢二：簡易操作

Trend 2: Easy operation

從事傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)的農人朋友們一聽到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、計算機就覺得頭暈，甚至會想：“我初中還沒畢業(yè)，讓我去操作電腦、計算機，你這不是折騰人么?”

Farmers engaged in traditional agriculture, the computer friends heard the Internet feel dizzy, and even think: " I have not graduated from junior high school, let me to operate the computer, computer, you this is not toss people?”

眾所周知，智慧農業(yè)的根本是服務農業(yè)、服務農民，而不是讓農人覺得折騰人，所以易操作、易學、不用動腦子的智能設備將會在農村走俏——這是智慧農業(yè)發(fā)展的必然趨勢。

As we all know, the essence of smart agriculture is to serve agriculture and farmers, rather than making farmers feel uncomfortable, so easy to operate, learn, dless smart devices will be popular in rural areas —— This is the inevitable trend of the development of smart agriculture.

趨勢三：專家們會參與生產

Trend 3: Experts will be involved in the production

專家們會參與生產，這是智慧農業(yè)為傳統(tǒng)農業(yè)帶來的一大改變。不管專家們是否在辦公室，他們的知識和智慧還是值得參考的。

農民朋友們可以把種植、養(yǎng)殖過程中遇到的問題用直播的方式發(fā)給專家們看，讓專家們來幫助分析。

Experts will participate in production, which is a big change that smart agriculture has brought to traditional agriculture. Whether the experts are in the office or not, their knowledge and wisdom are worth reference. Farmers can send the problems encountered in the process of planting and breeding to the experts in the way of live broadcast, and let the experts to help analyze them.

趨勢四：協(xié)作加強

Trend 4: Strengthen collaboration

智慧農業(yè)將會讓分工更加明確。農民干好自己的事情，把其他的事情交給專家們就行了——當然，這里的協(xié)作、反饋將會更加頻繁。

Smart agriculture will make the division of labor more clear.—— Of course, the collaboration and feedback here will be more frequent.

趨勢五：可視化占主流

Trend 5: Visualization is the dominant trend

隨著人們生活水平提高，消費者們都想買放心農產品，這種“放心”包括了解這些蔬菜是不是打了農藥、打了多少農藥，乃至通過視頻的方式去了解這個農產品的“身世”。

With the improvement of people's living standards, consumers all want to buy safe agricultural products. This "reassuring" includes knowing whether these vegetables are treated with pesticides, how many pesticides, and even understanding the "origin" of this agricultural products through video.

趨勢六：整合性的智慧農業(yè)

Trend 6: Integrated smart agriculture

這個時代都在講究整合、跨界，貌似不把對方整合了就活不下去了似的，不玩?zhèn)€跨界都不好意思活在世上——這聽上去像是“無稽之談”，但其實有它的道理。因為不可否認的是智慧農業(yè)的深度、寬度都會有其他行業(yè)的影子，比如都市智慧農業(yè)、旅游農業(yè)，所以智慧農業(yè)的發(fā)展少不了“整合性”三個字。

In this era, we are paying attention to integration, crossover, it seems not to integrate the other side can not live like, do not play a crossover are embarrassed to live in the world —— this sounds like "nonsense", but in fact has its reason. Because it is undeniable that the depth and width of smart agriculture will have the shadow of other industries, such as urban smart agriculture and tourism agriculture, the development of smart agriculture must be "integration".

趨勢七：營銷類的智慧農業(yè)

Trend 7: Smart agriculture of the marketing category

能幫助賣產品的智能設備是最受歡迎的設備。智慧農業(yè)就是要解放生產力、提高效率，讓產品賣得更快、農民致富更快。這才是智慧農業(yè)的發(fā)展之根本。

Smart devices that can help sell their products are the most popular devices. Smart agriculture is to liberate productivity and improve efficiency, so that products can sell faster and farmers can get rich faster. This is the foundation of the development of smart agriculture.

趨勢八：無人農場將逐步普及

Trend 8: Unmanned farms will gradually become popular

在“農林牧副漁”垂直行業(yè)落地深耕，將在細分垂直領域進一步普及推廣，全面賦能傳統(tǒng)產業(yè)，加速形成一批“平臺+行業(yè)”優(yōu)質解決方案，提高行業(yè)整體資源配置效率，加速培育網(wǎng)絡化協(xié)同、個性化定制、按需服務、數(shù)據(jù)共享等新模式新業(yè)態(tài)，實現(xiàn)行業(yè)企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展。

In "sideline fishery" vertical industry ground deep, will further popularization in niche vertical promotion, comprehensive assigned to traditional industries, accelerate the formation of a batch of "platform + industry" high quality solutions, improve the efficiency of industry overall resource allocation, accelerate cultivating network collaborative, personalization, on-demand services, data sharing and other new mode of new forms, realize the innovation and development of industry enterprises.

無人農場是在人不進入農場的情況下，采用物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)、人工智能、5G、機器人等新一代信息技術，通過對農場設施、裝備、機械等遠程控制，或通過智能裝備及機器人自主決策、自主作業(yè)，完成所有農場生產、管理任務，是一種全天候、全過程、全空間的無人化生產作業(yè)模式，其本質是實現(xiàn)機器換人。

No farm is in the case of people do not enter the farm, the Internet of things, big data, artificial intelligence, 5G, robot, such as a new generation of information technology, through the farm facilities, equipment, machinery, such as remote control, or through the intelligent equipment and robot autonomous decision, autonomous operation, all farm production, management tasks, is a kind of all-weather, whole process, whole space unmanned production mode, its essence is to realize the machine substitution.

無人農場是現(xiàn)代農業(yè)建設的最重要內容之一，中國工程院院士羅錫文用了高度概括的五句話來描述無人農場：“耕種管收生產環(huán)節(jié)全覆蓋；機庫田間轉移作業(yè)全自動；自動避障異況停車保安全；作物生產過程實施全監(jiān)控；智能決策精準作業(yè)全無人?！?/span>

作為最先進農業(yè)生產力的象征，“無人農場”是進軍全球未來農業(yè)發(fā)展制高點的重要手段。

Unmanned farm is one of the most important contents of modern agricultural construction. Luo Xiwen, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, used a highly summarized five sentences to describe unmanned farm: " Full coverage of farming and harvesting production link; automatic hangar field transfer operation; automatic obstacle avoidance and safety; full monitoring of crop production process, and intelligent decision-making and accurate operation.” As a symbol of the most advanced agricultural productivity, "unmanned farm" is an important meansto enter the commanding heights of global future agricultural development.

農業(yè)農村部農業(yè)農村信息化專家咨詢委員會副主任委員、中國農業(yè)大學教授李道亮表示，從現(xiàn)在開始布局無人農場技術研發(fā)、模式集成、商業(yè)機制、支撐政策，對加速推進我國現(xiàn)代農業(yè)發(fā)展意義重大。

Li Daoliang, vice chairman of the Expert Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and a professor of China Agricultural University, said that the layout of the unmanned farm technology research and development, model integration, business mechanism and support policies is of great significance to accelerate the development of modern agriculture in China.